As many as one million public sector workers on Thursday began a mass demonstration against austerity cuts in the UK.

The strike began with walkouts by an estimated 20,000 teachers. They were soon joined by protesters from a variety of unions — health workers, trash collectors, firefighters, office employees, and other civil servants — in a protest against low wages, poor working conditions, and pension changes that some public worker groups are calling punitive.

Two particularly contentious issues are the salary freezes and severe wage regulations that went into effect in recent years — particularly the 1 percent pay cap on raises instituted in 2012, which has remained in place even as inflation rates and cost of living increased by almost 20 percent, according to the Retail Price Index.

David Prentis, general secretary for Unison, said that allowing raises could actually help with the economic downturn.

“The government should look hard at the economic benefits of lifting the pay cap and ending the misery of low pay for public service workers and their families,” Prentis said. “The continuing pay freeze is damaging staff morale and service quality across the public sector, and today our members in local government and schools are saying enough is enough.”

However, the Department of Education called the walkouts disruptive and harmful, while the UK government downplayed the turnout and said it expected public operations to continue.

A Cabinet spokesperson said, “The vast majority of dedicated public sector workers did not vote for today’s action, and early indications are that most are turning up for work as usual. We have rigorous contingency plans in place, services appear to be working well and we expect most schools and [job centers] to open their doors.”